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Rodrigo Paul Cabrera Verdezoto
Carlos Ernesto Maytín Fumero
Blanca Soledad Indacochea Ganchozo
Contexto: El cacao es clave económicamente, sustenta medios de vida y aporta valor cultural y ambiental. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA 2020 para analizar los actores, las relaciones de poder y las dinámicas territoriales que condicionan la sostenibilidad ambiental de pequeños productores cacaoteros de la costa ecuatoriana, identificando también las principales brechas y oportunidades para el desarrollo sostenible de este sector. Materiales y métodos: Revisión sistemática siguiendo PRISMA 2020, con búsqueda en Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar entre 2019 y 2025, estrategia de búsqueda específica y aplicación estricta de criterios de inclusión/exclusión explícitos. Se extrajeron y analizaron datos de 52 estudios seleccionados mediante un proceso de selección documentado y validado por dos revisores independientes. Resultados: Se identificaron 23 actores clave distribuidos en cinco niveles territoriales que conforman la cadena de valor del cacao; la cadena de valor está gobernada por asimetrías de poder que concentran la decisión en multinacionales procesadoras (Big 5) y mercados europeos; la reconversión al clon CCN-51 incrementó la vulnerabilidad ambiental; la delincuencia rural y la precariedad de la tenencia de la tierra son factores críticos. Conclusión: Los sistemas agroforestales con la variedad Nacional Arriba, el acopio asociativo y los esquemas de pago por servicios ambientales constituyen alternativas viables para equilibrar sostenibilidad económica, socio-territorial y ambiental.
Context: Cocoa is economically key, sustains livelihoods, and contributes cultural and environmental value. Objective: To conduct a systematic literature review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines to analyze actors, power relations and territorial dynamics conditioning the environmental sustainability of smallholder cocoa producers on the Ecuadorian coast, identifying major gaps and opportunities for sustainable development of this sector. Materials and Methods: Systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with searches in Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar from 2019 to 2025, specific search strategy and strict application of explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data from fifty-two studies selected through a documented selection process validated by two independent reviewers were extracted and analyzed. Results: Twenty-three key actors were identified distributed across five territorial levels that compose the cocoa value chain; the value chain is governed by power asymmetries concentrating decision-making in multinational processors (Big 5) and European markets; conversion to the CCN-51 clone increased environmental vulnerability; rural crime and precarious land tenure are critical factors. Conclusion: Agroforestry systems with the ancestral Nacional Arriba variety, collective procurement and payment for ecosystem services represent viable pathways to balance economic, socio-territorial and environmental sustainability.

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1.
Territorialidad y sostenibilidad ambiental de pequeños productores de cacao de la costa ecuatoriana: actores externos e internos condicionantes. Alfa Revista de Investigación en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias [Internet]. 2026 Nov. 10 [cited 2026 Nov. 14];10(30):1-15. Available from: https://www.revistaalfa.org/index.php/revistaalfa/article/view/723
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