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Yoly Alania Mallea
Contexto: La acuicultura de trucha arcoíris en el altiplano peruano genera efluentes cuya carga nutrientaria permanece insuficientemente cuantificada, particularmente en laboratorios de recría que operan sin tratamiento previo a la descarga. Objetivo: Caracterizar el gradiente fisicoquímico entre el punto de ingreso y el punto de salida del agua en un laboratorio de recría ubicado a 3,950 msnm (Piscifactoría River Trout Yolis S.A.C., Conduriri, Puno), calcular la carga contaminante areal por unidad de producción y diseñar un sistema de biofiltración multietapa de bajo costo adaptado a las condiciones de alta montaña. Materiales y métodos: Diseño de campo cuasi-experimental donde se se comparó sobre la misma línea de flujo: ingreso del manantial Puso Pusi Pujuni (punto A, control natural) y descarga al Chapilaca (punto B). Se midieron 19 parámetros según Standard Methods y contraste ECA DS N.º 004-2017-MINAM (categorías 3 y 4), con descriptivos, prueba t, d de Cohen, bootstrap BCa, componentes principales, índice de calidad, carga areal y cinética con corrección térmica. Base: n = 1 por punto más n = 30 réplicas simuladas de literatura RAS en altura; inferencia proyectada. Resultados: Nitratos +41,8 %, magnesio +200,3 %, bicarbonatos +1994,7 % y sales +1340,8 % (14,4×); dureza −16,8 %, pH −1,9 %, oxígeno estable. El índice descendió de 78,4 (Buena) a 42,7 (Regular), con recuperación proyectada a 71,2. La carga salina (115,2 kg/día) excedió 7,7 veces el umbral y la de nitratos (0,89 kg/día) lo duplicó. El tren sedimentador-filtro-totora proyectó 65-72 % de remoción (8 h), condicionado a caudal ≥ 4 L/s y temperatura ≥ 9 °C. Conclusión: La recría en altitud extrema deteriora el agua y rebasa al receptor; el biofiltro pasivo resulta viable únicamente bajo dichos umbrales y con monitoreo.
Context: Rainbow trout aquaculture in the Peruvian highlands generates effluents whose nutrient load remains insufficiently quantified, particularly in nursery laboratories that operate without treatment prior to discharge. Objective: To characterize the physicochemical gradient between the water inlet and outlet points at a nursery laboratory located at 3,950 masl (Piscifactoría River Trout Yolis S.A.C., Conduriri, Puno), calculate the areal pollutant load per unit of production, and design a low-cost multistage biofiltration system adapted to high-mountain conditions. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental field design in which a comparison was made along the same flow line: inlet from the Puso Pusi Pujuni spring (point A, natural control) and discharge into the Chapilaca (point B). Nineteen parameters were measured according to Standard Methods and contrasted with ECA DS No. 004-2017-MINAM (categories 3 and 4), using descriptive statistics, t-test, Cohen's d, BCa bootstrap, principal components, quality index, areal load, and kinetics with thermal correction. Basis: n = 1 per point plus n = 30 simulated replicates from high-altitude RAS literature; projected inference. Results: Nitrates +41.8%, magnesium +200.3%, bicarbonates +1994.7%, and salts +1340.8% (14.4×); hardness −16.8%, pH −1.9%, oxygen stable. The index dropped from 78.4 (Good) to 42.7 (Fair), with a projected recovery to 71.2. The salt load (115.2 kg/day) exceeded the threshold by 7.7 times, and the nitrate load (0.89 kg/day) doubled it. The settler-filter-cattail train projected 65-72% removal (8 h), conditioned on flow rate ≥ 4 L/s and temperature ≥ 9 °C. Conclusion: Nursery rearing at extreme altitude degrades the water and exceeds the receptor's capacity; the passive biofilter is viable only under these thresholds and with monitoring.

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Caracterización fisicoquímica y propuesta de biofiltración para efluentes de recría de trucha en Puno. Alfa Revista de Investigación en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias [Internet]. 2026 Oct. 5 [cited 2026 Oct. 13];10(30):1-19. Available from: https://www.revistaalfa.org/index.php/revistaalfa/article/view/711
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